P-385-63 Range Safety Pamphlet Download

13–3. Smoke The use of smoke in training poses special health and safety issues. The following precautions apply to all smoke training with fog oil, hexachloroethane (HC), red phosphorus, WP, plasticized WP, terephthalic acid (TA), and colored and diesel smokes. a. Personnel will carry a protective mask when participating in exercises that include the use of smoke. Personnel will mask — (1) Before exposure to any concentration of smoke produced by M8 white smoke grenades, M83 smoke grenades (TA), smoke pots (HC and TA smoke), or metallic powder obscurants. (2) When passing through or operating in dense (visibility less than 50 m) smoke such as smoke blankets and smoke curtains. (3) When operating in or passing through a smoke haze (visibility greater than 50 m) and the duration of exposure will exceed 4 hours. (4) Any time exposure to smoke produces breathing difficulty, eye irritation or discomfort. Such effects in one individual will serve as a signal for all similarly exposed personnel to mask. (5) When using smoke during military operations in urban terrain training or when operating in enclosed spaces. The protective mask is not effective in oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Care must be taken not to enter areas where oxygen may have been displaced. b. Clothing is to be laundered and personnel will shower after exercises involving exposure to smoke. Personnel exposed to smoke should reduce skin exposure by rolling down their sleeves. c. Special care must be taken when using HC and TA smoke to ensure that appropriate protection is provided to all personnel who may be exposed. When planning for the use of HC smoke in training, consideration must be given to weather conditions and the potential downwind effects of the smoke. Positive controls, (observation, control points, communications) must be established to prevent exposure of unprotected personnel. Detailed hazard information is available on the appropriate safety data sheet(s). d. FS (sulfur trioxide-chlorosulfonic acid solution) and FM (titanium tetrachloride) smoke will not be used in training. e. Smoke will not be used in public demonstrations, displays, or ceremonies unless positive dissipation of the smoke can be assured and no exposure to the public or nonparticipating personnel is expected. A risk management plan will be developed by the agency conducting the public demonstration, in conjunction with the installation RMA (Army), RCO (Marine Corps) and safety director, for all uses of smoke in demonstrations, displays, or ceremonies. 13–4. Smoke pots a. Personnel manually firing HC and TA smoke pots will mask and keep their head well to one side to the top of the pot and out of the way of sparks and flames to prevent burn injuries. Once HC and TA smoke pots have ignited, personnel will quickly move away a minimum distance of 30 m. b. Precautions will be taken to prevent ground fires. HC and TA smoke pots will not be fired inside buildings, tents, or other enclosed areas because of fire and health hazards from associated fumes. Exceptions are building or structures specially designed for smoke training, and only after conducting a thorough risk assessment, developing and implemen- ting controls, and acceptance of the residual risk by the appropriate commander. c. HC and TA smoke pots must be kept dry. Any addition of water to HC and TA smoke mixtures may cause it to burn erratically, explode, or result in spontaneous combustion. HC smoke pots will not be ignited during visible precipitation (snow or rain). d. The M4A2 smoke pot must be vented for at least 5 minutes within 24 hours before use in accordance with TB 3–1365–490–10. e. When electrically firing the M5 HC smoke pot, at least 30 m of WD–1/TT wire will be used. 13–5. Oil smoke candles Oil smoke candles (M6, SGF2) are used to produce nontoxic smoke in confined areas primarily to simulate fires in buildings or ships for fire drills and to train firefighters. The correct procedure for use is to place the candle on its base atop a stable platform away from combustible materials, pull the safety pin, and release the safety lever. Chapter 14 Non-Lethal Weapons 14–1. Definition Department of Defense Directive (DODD) 3000.03E defines non-lethal weapons (NLWs) as "weapons that are explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate personnel or materiel while minimizing fatalities, 168 DA PAM 385–63 • 16 April 2014