FM-3-09 Fire Support and Field Artillery Operations Download
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Fire Support and the Operations Process 30 April 2020 FM 3-09 3-39 INTEGRATION OF FIRE SUPPORT AND AIRSPACE CONTROL DURING EXECUTION 3-96. Airspace control is the capabilities and procedures used to increase operational effectiveness by promoting the safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace (JP 3-52). The methods of airspace control vary from positive control of all air assets in an airspace control area to procedural control of all such assets, or any effective combination of the two, depending on the operation. Procedural control overcomes positive control and identification shortcomings. It relies on techniques such as segmenting airspace by volume, or time, or using weapon control statuses. Procedural techniques are usually more restrictive than positive techniques, but are less vulnerable to degradation from electronic or physical attack. Army forces use airspace over an AO to collect information, conduct air operations, deliver direct and indirect fires, conduct air and missile defense and conduct sustainment. Fires should be cleared with other airspace users. 3-97. Army components of the theater air-ground system (see ATP 3-52.2[FM 3-52.2]/MCRP 3-25F/NTTP 3-56.2/AFTTP 3-2.17), who collectively coordinate and integrate airspace use and are organic to Army brigades and higher are described chapter 2 and, include: Airspace Elements. JAGICs. FSEs. ADAM cells. Brigade aviation elements. Air and missile defense cells. BCDs. 4-98. Airspace elements do not routinely manage the flight path or trajectory of individual airspace users. Rather, airspace elements integrate airspace use for flight paths and trajectories in planning and execution to manage risk. When two or more airspace users conflict, the airspace elements direct changes in flight path of manned or unmanned aircraft, or coordinate with the FSE to alter the trajectory or timing of fires. In some cases, the re-routing of aircraft flight paths is appropriate to accommodate the delivery of fires. These changes are based on the commanders' mission priorities and risk guidance. Pilots, UAS operators, and weapon system controllers (FSE, FDC) still maintain the responsibility to make the directed changes to their flight path or trajectory. See FM 3-52. It is important for the operational planners to account for airspace user risk and weight the cost of positive control. This includes moving an UAS to execute a priority one fire mission (due to a violation of a critical friendly zone [CFZ]). Staffs need to identify this risk during COA development and apply mitigation techniques to include the use of integrating ACMs and FSCMs from position area for artillery to TAIs. This reduces risk to airspace users and communicates the agreed to level of risk in the maneuver plan. 3-99. The FSE coordinates FSCMs with ACMs through close interface with airspace elements and the TACP. The airspace element works with the FSE to integrate FSCMs with the airspace plan. The airspace element and the FSE review the ACO to ensure integration between fire support coordination measures and ACMs. FSCMs are normally sent to higher, lower, and adjacent HQ through fire support channels. In some cases, both the FSE and the airspace element send related control or coordination measures through their respective channels. The airspace element and the FSE ensure the SOPs and the airspace control annexes address the procedures for forwarding FSCMs and associated ACMs through appropriate coordination channels. The airspace element and the FSE review the ACO to ensure that ACMs avoids interfering with fires. If a conflict exists between the fire support plan and the ACO, the airspace element coordinates with the higher airspace elements to correct or modify the appropriate airspace coordinating measure. 3-100. Army planners at the senior tactical and operational levels must actively assist in the development of the airspace control plan. This is critical if the divisions intend to request the authority to control division- assigned airspace using the JAGIC technique. Division-assigned airspace is a volume of airspace in which the airspace control authority has delegated the responsibility for control of that volume, in accordance with the airspace control plan and ACO, to the division. Division-assigned airspace is typically between the lateral boundaries of the division's AO, and up to the coordinating altitude. A JAGIC enabled division is suitably manned and equipped to procedurally control the tactical airspace over the division AO up to the coordinating altitude. Using planning data from the fires and aviation planners Army airspace planners can integrate Army