FM-3-09 Fire Support and Field Artillery Operations Download
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The Fire Support System 30 April 2020 FM 3-09 2-21 main effort from the enemy. When properly integrated with operations security (OPSEC) and other information-related capabilities, deception can be a decisive tool in altering how the enemy views, analyzes, decides, and acts in response to friendly military operations. For more information on Army support to military deception see FM 3-13.4 2-98. OPSEC is a capability that identifies and controls critical information and indicators of friendly force actions attendant to military operations and incorporates countermeasures to reduce the risk of an adversary exploiting vulnerabilities. OPSEC identifies critical information and actions attendant to friendly military operations to deny observables to the threat intelligence systems. For example, camouflage and concealment are OPSEC measures and survivability operations tasks used to protect friendly forces and activities from enemy detection and attribution. For more information on operational security see JP 3-13.3. 2-99. Military information support operations which are planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their behavior and ultimately the behavior of their governments. Selected audiences may include enemies, adversaries, unified action partners, and neutral groups or populations. Psychological operations support forces devise actions and craft messages using visual, audio, and audiovisual formats, which can then be delivered by air, land, and maritime means, and through cyberspace, to selected individuals and groups. Many actions of the FS system, such as strikes, have psychological impact, but they are not military information support operations unless their primary purpose is to influence the attitudes, rules, norms, beliefs, and subsequent behavior of a target audience. For more information see JP 3-13.2. 2-100. Fire support requirements should be deconflicted and synchronized with special technical operations (referred to as STO). Detailed information related to special technical operation and their contribution to fire support can be obtained from the special technical operations planners at combatant command or service component HQ.