FM-3-09 Fire Support and Field Artillery Operations Download
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Appendix D D-2 FM 3-09 30 April 2020 CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN TARGETS D-4. The enemy has many covered and concealed positions and movement lanes and may be on rooftops, in buildings, and in sewer and subway systems. Aerial observers are extremely valuable for targeting because they can see farther to detect movements, positions on rooftops, and fortifications. Engagements on rooftops are planned for to clear away enemy FOs, snipers, communications and radar equipment. Engagement areas are planned on major roads, at road intersections, and on known or likely enemy positions. Also, restrictive FSCMs, such as RFAs and NFAs, are needed to protect civilians and identified restricted areas. D-5. Identifying and anticipating kill zones or engagement areas is critical to ensuring that indirect fire assets are in position to provide supporting fires. Practically, the ability and the utility of massed fires is affected in an urban environment. The natural restrictions in place due to the obstructive nature of urban terrain and the small-unit operations prevalent in urban combat require an innovative and limited approach to the delivery of fires. However, major road networks that offer high-speed avenues of approach into and through an area are suitable for targeting to restrict the flow of enemy forces and supplies into the combat area. D-6. Intelligence preparation of the battlefield leads to the identification of time-sensitive high-payoff targets and is an important consideration for the FSCOORD and the FSE. The commander or higher headquarters normally provides specific targeting guidance and prioritization for time-sensitive targets within the AO. FRATRICIDE PREVENTION MEASURES D-7. Fratricide prevention is a matter of concern in all operations. The risk of fratricide is much greater when visual identification and precise navigation are inhibited, by either distance or reduced visibility. In urban operations, the very nature of the physical terrain creates a situation of reduced visibility, resulting in unique and significant challenges to combat identification and fratricide prevention. The challenge is the need to minimize fratricide without unreasonably restricting the ability to accomplish its mission. D-8. There are two basic causes of urban fratricide-procedural and technical. Procedural causes are typically failures of fire support coordination. Technical failures may include failures of controlling equipment or mechanical malfunctions. WEAPONS EFFECTS D-9. Because the conduct and coordination of indirect fires in urban areas is difficult, fires in support of the maneuvering elements is closely coordinated and planned in detail. Planning and coordination includes considerations of force protection, weapons effects, psychological effects on the populace, and the potential for collateral damage. For air-delivered munitions, terminal control and positive guidance are required to ensure the delivering platform has acquired the correct target. Effective ACMs can ensure other missions (for example, strike coordination and reconnaissance missions) can transit or operate in the airspace above and around the urban area. D-10. The effects of lethal munitions can be significantly different in urban environments. The characteristics of the urban terrain and the small unit house-to-house nature of urban combat affect both the results and employment of weapons. Specific weapons effects considerations for urban operations include the risk estimate distance and quantity of the munitions, the construction of the buildings, and the ability to engage the target. D-11. Calculated risk estimate distances are often not valid in urban operations. Buildings provide cover that can reduce blast and shell fragment effects risk distances to a few meters. Inaccurate or stray fires may occur due to projectiles deflecting off buildings, wires, or other objects. Bomblets, scatterable mines, illumination, and other ordnance payloads may also be diverted by objects or may have irregular patterns due to swirling upper- or lower-level winds around large or tall structures.